1. Which technology connects physical devices so they can collect and exchange data over networks?
A) Internet of Things (IoT) B) Internet of Things (IoT) C) Word processing D) Virtual memory
2. Which IoT component commonly senses a physical condition such as temperature?
A) Sensor B) Sensor C) Database table D) Web browser
3. What is an actuator in an IoT system?
A) A device that performs a physical action in response to a control signal B) A device used only to store passwords C) A device that performs a physical action in response to a control signal D) A database index
4. Which IoT application could be particularly useful in agriculture?
A) Monitoring soil moisture and crop conditions B) Formatting documents C) Editing audio files D) Monitoring soil moisture and crop conditions
5. Why can cloud computing support IoT applications?
A) It can provide scalable storage and processing for collected data B) It removes the need for sensors C) It converts every sensor into a printer D) It prevents all network communication
6. What is cloud computing?
A) On-demand access to computing resources over a network B) On-demand access to computing resources over a network C) A type of keyboard D) A local-only text editor
7. Which is an example of cloud storage?
A) Saving files on a remote service accessible through the Internet B) Saving a file only in RAM C) Saving files on a remote service accessible through the Internet D) Writing data on a keyboard
8. What is a major advantage of cloud computing for an application?
A) Resources can be scaled according to demand B) It eliminates every security concern C) It requires no network connection D) Resources can be scaled according to demand
9. What is blockchain?
A) A distributed ledger in which records are linked and maintained across a network B) A type of display device C) A programming loop D) A spreadsheet formula
10. What is a block in a blockchain primarily used to contain?
A) A group of transactions or other recorded data B) A group of transactions or other recorded data C) Only image files D) A processor instruction set
11. Why is a blockchain described as distributed?
A) Copies of the ledger can be maintained by multiple network participants B) Only one computer stores the ledger C) Copies of the ledger can be maintained by multiple network participants D) All records are kept on a single USB drive
12. What is a common purpose of a cryptographic hash in blockchain systems?
A) To produce a fixed-length representation used to help maintain data integrity B) To increase screen brightness C) To compress every video losslessly D) To produce a fixed-length representation used to help maintain data integrity
13. What is a smart contract?
A) Programmed rules that can execute actions automatically when specified conditions are met B) A paper agreement signed by hand C) A computer monitor D) A password manager only
14. Which combination best represents the relationship among IoT, cloud computing, and blockchain?
A) IoT can collect data, cloud platforms can process it, and blockchain can provide distributed record keeping B) IoT can collect data, cloud platforms can process it, and blockchain can provide distributed record keeping C) All three are types of computer memory D) They have exactly the same function
15. Which IoT idea could help monitor water usage in a city?
A) Networked meters that collect and transmit consumption data B) A paper notebook only C) Networked meters that collect and transmit consumption data D) A printer without sensors
16. What should be considered first when designing an IoT application for a community?
A) The actual problem and needs of the intended users B) The color of the device only C) The brand of monitor D) The actual problem and needs of the intended users
17. Which factor is important when designing an IoT solution for Pakistan?
A) Local infrastructure, connectivity, cost, and community needs B) Only processor speed C) Only screen size D) Only keyboard layout
18. What is artificial intelligence (AI)?
A) The field of creating systems that perform tasks associated with aspects of intelligent behavior B) The field of creating systems that perform tasks associated with aspects of intelligent behavior C) A method of formatting disks D) A spreadsheet file type
19. What is a neural network?
A) A computational model inspired by interconnected processing units that can learn patterns from data B) A physical network cable C) A computational model inspired by interconnected processing units that can learn patterns from data D) A file compression algorithm
20. What is deep learning?
A) Machine learning that uses neural networks with multiple layers to learn representations B) A method of increasing monitor depth C) A database indexing technique D) Machine learning that uses neural networks with multiple layers to learn representations
21. Why are multiple layers important in deep learning networks?
A) They can learn increasingly complex representations of input data B) They guarantee perfect predictions C) They remove the need for training data D) They prevent models from learning features
22. What does feature extraction mean in deep learning?
A) Learning useful representations or features from input data B) Learning useful representations or features from input data C) Converting every file to PDF D) Changing the computer’s hardware
23. Which is an application of deep learning?
A) Image recognition B) Changing keyboard batteries C) Image recognition D) Printing a spreadsheet
24. Which application commonly uses neural or deep learning techniques?
A) Speech recognition B) File renaming C) Disk partitioning D) Speech recognition
25. How can deep learning be used in healthcare?
A) It can assist with tasks such as medical image analysis B) It guarantees every diagnosis C) It replaces all medical records with paper D) It removes the need for doctors in every case
26. What is training data?
A) Data used to learn the parameters or patterns of a machine learning model B) Data used to learn the parameters or patterns of a machine learning model C) A computer’s BIOS D) A database password
27. Why is representative training data important?
A) It can help a model learn patterns that reflect the situations where it will be used B) It guarantees zero errors C) It can help a model learn patterns that reflect the situations where it will be used D) It makes every model unbiased automatically
28. What is a limitation of an AI system trained on biased data?
A) Its outputs may reproduce or amplify patterns of bias B) It will always become faster C) It cannot process any data D) Its outputs may reproduce or amplify patterns of bias
29. Why should AI applications be evaluated before deployment?
A) To examine performance, limitations, risks, and suitability for the intended use B) To make every decision automatic C) To avoid collecting requirements D) To guarantee that no human oversight is needed
30. What does it mean for an AI system to make a prediction?
A) It produces an estimated output based on patterns learned from data B) It produces an estimated output based on patterns learned from data C) It stores the input permanently D) It changes the operating system
31. What is a policy in the context of technology governance?
A) A set of rules or principles guiding decisions and actions B) A computer virus C) A set of rules or principles guiding decisions and actions D) A database field
32. Why can different stakeholders have conflicting interests in technology policy?
A) They may have different needs, risks, responsibilities, and priorities B) They always have identical goals C) They cannot use technology D) They may have different needs, risks, responsibilities, and priorities
33. Who could be a stakeholder in an AI or data-sharing policy?
A) Users, organizations, government bodies, and other affected groups B) Only programmers C) Only computer manufacturers D) Only website designers
34. What is data privacy concerned with?
A) How personal or sensitive information is collected, used, stored, and shared B) How personal or sensitive information is collected, used, stored, and shared C) How a monitor displays colors D) How a printer uses ink
35. Why can data sharing and privacy create a policy conflict?
A) Sharing data can provide benefits while excessive sharing can increase privacy risks B) Data sharing never has benefits C) Sharing data can provide benefits while excessive sharing can increase privacy risks D) Data cannot be copied
36. What is a reasonable approach to a data-sharing conflict?
A) Balance legitimate data needs with appropriate privacy protections B) Share every record without limits C) Never allow any data use D) Balance legitimate data needs with appropriate privacy protections
37. Which principle supports collecting only data necessary for a stated purpose?
A) Data minimization B) Unlimited collection C) Public disclosure D) Randomization of users
38. Why is informed consent relevant to some data practices?
A) It helps people understand and agree to specified collection or use of their information B) It helps people understand and agree to specified collection or use of their information C) It eliminates the need for security D) It makes all data anonymous
39. What is access control?
A) A mechanism for determining who is allowed to access a resource B) A type of neural network C) A mechanism for determining who is allowed to access a resource D) A data visualization
40. Why can encryption be useful for cloud or IoT data?
A) It can help protect data from unauthorized disclosure B) It guarantees that users are trustworthy C) It eliminates all malware D) It can help protect data from unauthorized disclosure
41. What is authentication?
A) The process of verifying an identity B) The process of drawing a graph C) The process of deleting data D) The process of compressing images
42. What is authorization?
A) Determining what an authenticated user or system is permitted to do B) Determining what an authenticated user or system is permitted to do C) Creating a new processor D) Converting data to an image
43. Which is a suitable example of an IoT application in transportation?
A) Connected traffic sensors that provide real-time traffic information B) A printed road map only C) Connected traffic sensors that provide real-time traffic information D) A paper timetable only
44. Which cloud service characteristic helps applications handle changing workloads?
A) Elasticity B) Ink capacity C) Screen resolution D) Elasticity
45. What is a potential benefit of blockchain for supply chains?
A) A shared record can improve traceability of transactions or product movements B) It removes the need for any verification C) It guarantees all products are genuine D) It replaces physical transportation
46. Why should blockchain applications consider scalability?
A) A system may need to handle large numbers of transactions efficiently B) A system may need to handle large numbers of transactions efficiently C) Scalability only concerns monitors D) It determines keyboard size
47. Which statement best describes the relationship between AI and deep learning?
A) Deep learning is a machine learning approach based on multi-layer neural networks B) AI and deep learning are unrelated C) Deep learning is a machine learning approach based on multi-layer neural networks D) Deep learning is only cloud storage
48. What is an important social consideration when deploying AI?
A) How its decisions may affect people and different groups B) Only the color of the interface C) Only the processor brand D) How its decisions may affect people and different groups
49. Why is explainability useful in some AI applications?
A) It can help stakeholders understand or examine how a system reaches its outputs B) It guarantees perfect accuracy C) It eliminates training data D) It prevents all errors
50. What is the purpose of assessing a technology policy from multiple perspectives?
A) To identify trade-offs, impacts, and concerns affecting different stakeholders B) To identify trade-offs, impacts, and concerns affecting different stakeholders C) To avoid evidence D) To guarantee unanimous agreement
This chapter is prepared with reference to the official FBISE HSSC-II Computer Science Assessment Framework and National Curriculum. It covers CS-12-E-01 on designing application ideas relevant to Pakistan using IoT, Cloud computing, and Blockchain; CS-12-E-02 on deep learning and its applications; and CS-12-E-03 and CS-12-E-04 on policies, stakeholder interests, data sharing, privacy conflicts, and policy decisions.